is iodine a cation or anion is iodine a cation or anion

An anion has a net negative electrical charge, which means it has more electrons than protons. element most likely ion Complete the table below. (a). ions. Because their charges are equal and opposite, there will be one \text { K}^+ K+ ion for every one \text { Cl}^- Cl anion, and the chemical formula will be \text {KCl} KCl. CCCBDB list of Ions She moved into science writing in 2017 after over a decade as a research scientist. The number of electrons lost, and so the charge of the ion, is indicated after the chemical symbol, e.g. What is the element that forms a 3+ ion with electron configuration (Ar)3d^6? Is barium iodide a cation or anion? - Sage-Answers The condition seems to occur mainly in people over forty, and the risk appears higher when iodine deficiency is severe and the initial rise in iodine intake is high. Let me tell you how this Interactive Periodic Table will help you in your studies. Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received remarkably increasing interests due to their facile fabrication procedures, use of cost-effective raw materials, and high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) during the past 10 years. If m or n is 1, then no subscript is written in the formula. Cation vs anion chart The main differences between cations and anions are summarized in the table below. [78], About half of all produced iodine goes into various organoiodine compounds, another 15% remains as the pure element, another 15% is used to form potassium iodide, and another 15% for other inorganic iodine compounds. Iodine (1+) | I+ - PubChem compound Summary Iodine (1+) Cite Download Please visit the Iodine element page for information specific to the chemical element of the periodic table. Recall that allelements found within the same column on the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons. When gaseous F2 and solid I2 are heated to high temperatures, the I2 sublimes and gaseous iodine . What are ions? The symbol for the ion is Mg2+, and it is called a magnesium ion. The most important sources of natural iodine are the oceans. There are compounds though where it actually forms a cation. [126] Iodine supplementation in selenium-deficient populations is, in theory, problematic, partly for this reason. silver (Ag) loses one electron to become Ag+, whilst zinc (Zn) loses two electrons to become Zn2+. "Cation vs Anion: Definition, Chart and the Periodic Table". 1. First,the number of valence electrons possessed by the initial neutral atom was established. When electrons are lost, the number of protons is higher giving the atom a positive charge and is called a cation. A metal reacts with a nonmetal to form an . ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/cation-and-an-anion-differences-606111. Solved Complete the table below. For example, in the first | Chegg.com They get hold of electrons to complete their valence shell. What are the ions that are considered Group 1 cations? sw 1. Helmenstine, Todd. [82], Elemental iodine is used as an antiseptic either as the element, or as the water-soluble triiodide anion I3 generated in situ by adding iodide to poorly water-soluble elemental iodine (the reverse chemical reaction makes some free elemental iodine available for antisepsis). What is the chemical symbol of the noble gas this ion is isoelectronic with? Cations repel other cations and anions repel other anions. The iodine may then be liberated by displacement with chlorine. An ion with a net negative charge. The charge is written as a superscript following the chemical formula. Therefore, it would not make sense to ask for the ions found in carbon dioxide. Cation/ Anion List: Worksheet for naming ions. Moving from the far right to the left on the periodic table, elements often form anions with a negative charge equal to the number of groups moved left from the noble gases. Scandium - Fluorine - Sulfur - Calcium - Sodium - Explanation: When an element loses an electron in order to acquire stability then it is called a cation. Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II), K2HgI4, is also known as Nessler's reagent. This is the iodide ion I- Cations are ions that are positively charged. Magnesium is the cation and oxygen is anion. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): (a) A sodium atom (Na) has equal numbers of protons and electrons (11) and is uncharged. Sodium chloride is pretty neat, with just two elements. Iodine cation bridged graphene sheets with strengthened interface Is this a cation or an anion? [127], Elemental iodine is also a skin irritant. The loss of one or more electrons Potassium Cation: K 1+ Magnesium Cation: Mg 2+ Lithium Cation: Li 1+ Iodine Anion: I 1- Bromine Anion: Br 1- Calcium Cation: Ca 2+ Chlorine Anion: Cl 1- Fluorine Anion: F 1- Sodium Is iodine a cation or anion? - Answers Cations are therefore smaller than the parent atom Anions formed by addition of one or more valence electrons fills in the most spacially extended orbitals increases electron-electron repulsion in outer orbital Anions are therefore larger than the parent atom Iodine is the biggest halogen and by extension the most polarizable. Ions are identified by a superscript that shows the sign and size of the electric charge - for example Ca +2. This results in an anion with 35 protons, 36 electrons, and a 1 charge. Harper, P.V. C c. Ca d. Cl. 1. If the atom loses one or more electrons , it will become a cation ( positively charged ion) Ex: Na atom ( Z =11) Number of protons = number of electrons = 11 For example, the neutral bromine atom, with 35 protons and 35 electrons, can gain one electron to provide it with 36 electrons. "Cation" vs. "Anion" - What's The Difference? | Dictionary.com All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes; thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production. To achieve an octet of valence electrons, an iodine atom will become an ion with what charge? The Al atom has lost three electrons and thus has three more positive charges (13) than it has electrons (10). Sizes of Ions - Chemistry LibreTexts Atoms of metallic elements tend to lose their valence electrons. For example, copper can form ions with a 1+ or 2+ charge, and iron can form ions with a 2+ or 3+ charge. The iodite ion, or iodine dioxide anion, is the halite with the chemical formula IO 2. . For this reason, people at risk of exposure to environmental radioactive iodine (iodine-131) in fallout may be instructed to take non-radioactive potassium iodide tablets. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. [5][107] The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults is 1,100g/day. Over a wide pH range of 4.0 to 9.1, C-Cu maintained iodide ion removal rates higher . Cations Anions Table - Houston Community College Naming monatomic ions and ionic compounds - Khan Academy (a) Zn. Does strontium form a cation or anion? Anions are ions that are negatively charged. Magnesiums position in the periodic table (group 2) tells us that it is a metal. A monatomic ion with a charge of +2 has an electronic configuration of 1s^2 2s^22p^63s^23p^64s^23d^{10}4p^6. Ions are charged atoms or molecules. What ion is iodine most likely to form? Is this a cation or an anion The difference is in the electrical charge. [106], The thyroid gland needs no more than 70g/day to synthesise the requisite daily amounts of T4 and T3. a. How many protons does this ion have? [75][77], These sources ensure that Chile and Japan are the largest producers of iodine today. What is an anion? After filtering and purification the iodine is packed. Within the ion the Iodine exists in the oxidation state of +3. Ingestion of this large dose of non-radioactive iodine minimises the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland.[94]. What ion is formed when a barium atom achieves an octet? c. What is the formula of the ion? [97], 125I is used as the radiolabel in investigating which ligands go to which plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). 1. Contents 1 Structures 2 Names and Identifiers 3 Chemical and Physical Properties 4 Related Records 5 Chemical Vendors 6 Literature 7 Classification 8 Information Sources Halogens always form anions, alkali metals and alkaline earth metals always form cations. a. What ion is phosphorus most likely to form? Is it a cation or an anion? 3.3: Predicting Charges of Ions - Chemistry LibreTexts A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4 and a concomitant enlargement of the thyroid tissue in an attempt to obtain more iodine, causing the disease known as simple goitre. This unsaturation is in the form of double bonds, which react with iodine compounds. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer form other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. Is this a cation or an anion? It is often used as a sensitive spot test for ammonia. a. S2- b. O2- c. Ca2+. However, if they are not balanced, they will be charged. [88] Its specific mode of action is unknown. For example, in the first row decide whether Sc3+ is a cation or anion. Metals form positive ions (cations). How do you know if its cation or anion? The growth of all strains of Fusarium verticillioides is significantly inhibited by an iodine-containing fungistatic (AJ1629-34EC) at concentrations that do not harm the crop. Keywords. What ion is barium most likely to form? 8CaCrO4. If a balanced atom gains one or more electrons, it will become a negatively charged anion. [80] Aqueous alkaline iodine solution is used in the iodoform test for methyl ketones. Carbon will form an anion with a charge of 4: C 4, a carbide ion. Not all compounds have ions Cation and anion are the exclusive stuff of ionic compounds. Which of the following elements is most likely to form an ion with a -2 charge? Paul Flowers (University of North Carolina - Pembroke),Klaus Theopold (University of Delaware) andRichard Langley (Stephen F. Austin State University) with contributing authors. Amino-Acid Anion - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics S b. K c. Rb d. Fr, Which element is most likely to form an anion with a -2 charge? Applications of tincture of iodine or Betadine can cause rashes, sometimes severe. [75] Sodium iodate is extracted from the caliche and reduced to iodide by sodium bisulfite. A cation has more protons than electrons, consequently giving it a net positive charge. As an element with high electron density and atomic number, iodine absorbs X-rays weaker than 33.3keV due to the photoelectric effect of the innermost electrons. An element is never an ion. In acidic solutions, the cuprous cation Cu + and iodide anion I . Complete the following table: Cation Formula Anion Formula Compound Formula Cu+ 0- Co+ Cr+ F Br. 1 mono 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa 7 hepta . Nevertheless, the state-of-the-art organic-inorganic PSCs suffer from hig Halide Perovskite Optoelectronics What is the formula of barium bromide? What are the Physical devices used to construct memories? Hypersensitivity reactions to products and foods containing iodine are apparently related to their other molecular components;[132] thus, a person who has demonstrated an allergy to one food or product containing iodine may not have an allergic reaction to another. Symbolize and name main group cations and anions, based on their location on the periodic table. a. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Element Symbols & Names Anions Acids Polyatomic Anions . H hydrogen H hydride ion . For example, consider iodine (I). [122] Iodine deficiency is also a problem in certain areas of Europe. 2+ c. 3+ d. 2- e. 3-. Formula: I 2-Molecular weight: 253.80949; Information on this page: Notes; Other data available: Gas phase thermochemistry data; Options: Switch to calorie-based units; Notes. Iodine tends to form an anion. The element iodine Forms a cation/anion With the charge The symbol for this ion is The name for this ion is The number of electrons in this ion is Posted 6 months ago. (a) -2 (b) -1 (c) +1 (d) +2. What element forms an ion with an electronic configuration of ~[Xe] and a -2 charge? A nitrogen atom must gain three electrons to have the same number of electrons as an atom of the following noble gas, neon. Consequently, they tend to lose electrons and form cations. Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Elements in group 18 of the periodic table the noble gases, tend not to form ions due to the arrangement of their electrons which makes them generally unreactive. Is this a cation or an anion? Conversely, the non-metallic partner in an ionic compound is the anion. What 2-ion has the following ground-state electron configuration? When electrons are gained by the atom, the number of electrons is greater than. (Lanthanum and the other lanthanides, as well as tungsten with Z = 74 and uranium with Z = 92, are used by a few microorganisms. Iodine is never found in nature uncombined, and it is not concentrated sufficiently to form independent minerals. The brine is hotter than 60C from the depth of the source. Knowing this lets us use the periodic table to identify the element as Al (aluminum). (A discussion of the theory supporting the favored status of noble gas electron numbers reflected in these predictive rules for ion formation is provided in a later chapter of this text.). However, some elements are capable of forming both cations and anions given the right conditions. Batteries have two electrodes made of conductive material, the cathode which is the positive end where the electrical current leaves/electrons enter, and the anode where the electrical current enters/ electrons leave. For example, in the first row decide whether Sc is a cation or anion. [82][83], Use of iodine should allow more widespread application of ion-thrust technology, particularly with smaller-scale space vehicles. What is the charge gained by barium after forming an ion? What are the four Oxyanions of iodine? - Gowanusballroom.com The hydrogen iodide (HI) is reacted with chlorine to precipitate the iodine. An ion with a net positive charge. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Based on the octet rule, phosphorus most likely forms an ion with what charge? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Ionic properties can be exploited by chemists for a range of purposes. +1 b. An anion is an ion that has gained one or more electrons, acquiring a negative charge. This might be a less toxic anti-fungal agricultural treatment due to its relatively natural chemistry. when an atom of the element lose or gain one or more electrons it will become an ion. An anion has more electrons than protons, consequently giving it a net negative charge. NaCl, for example, disassociates in aqueous solutions as Na (+) and Cl (-), it is a neutral solution. Which of the following element is most likely to form an ion that will then form an ionic bond with an ion of a group 1A element? Cations are ions with a net positive charge. Furthermore, since all subsequent procedural steps are dependent on that initial valence electron count,all elements in the same group will gain or lose the same number of electrons to achieve an octet configuration. An iodine is an anion, or a negatively charged ion. Fe3+. Students enrolled in Dr. Draganjac's Introduction to Chemistry (CHEM1003), General Chemistry I (CHEM1013) and General Chemistry II (CHEM1023) classes are responsible for learning the names and formulae for the common acids and common reagents and for learning the names, . Which of the following can never be isoelectronic species? Iodine(1+) | I+ - PubChem Titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium are purified by the van Arkelde Boer process, which involves the reversible formation of the tetraiodides of these elements. What is the chemical symbol for the ion? [131] In fact, there has never been a confirmed report of a true iodine allergy, and an allergy to elemental iodine or simple iodide salts is theoretically impossible. Iodide Iodide is a halide anion and a monoatomic iodine. Predict which forms an anion, which forms a cation, and the charges of each ion. What ion will be formed? This is the iodide ion I- There are compounds though where it actually forms a cation. In total, they can contain at least 0.02% and at most 1% iodine by mass. A note about mercury: Mercury (I) ion exists as a diatomic unit. { "3.01:_Nuclear_Chemistry_and_Radioactive_Decay" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.02:_Organization_of_the_Periodic_Table" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.03:_Predicting_Charges_of_Ions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Matter_and_Measurement" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Atoms_and_Elements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Nuclei_Ions_and_the_Periodic_Table" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Molecules_Compounds_and_Quantifying_Chemicals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Transformations_of_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Aqueous_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Ideal_Gas_Behavior" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Thermochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "source[1]-chem-98718", "source[2]-chem-98718" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FOregon_Tech_PortlandMetro_Campus%2FOT_-_PDX_-_Metro%253A_General_Chemistry_I%2F03%253A_Nuclei_Ions_and_the_Periodic_Table%2F3.03%253A_Predicting_Charges_of_Ions, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 3.2.1: Practice Problems - Organization of the Periodic Table (Optional), 4: Molecules, Compounds and Quantifying Chemicals, http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bda7ac8df6@9.110, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Predict the charge of an anion or cationbased upon the location of the element in the periodic table, Adelaide Clark, Oregon Institute of Technology. PubChem . But seriously: anions and cations are both ions. Thus, a magnesium atom will form a cation with two fewer electrons than protons and a charge of 2+. Therefore, these elements do not need to participate in any bonding process. Therefore, these elements are energetically-disqualified from ionizing. Learn the anion definition and how ions are part of an ionic bond. 3.5: Ionic Bonding: Using the Periodic Table to Predict Main Group Ion Potassium iodide is an ionic compound which is made of the following ions: K + I. Despite numerous silver(i) cages, to date, only the solid-state structure of dimeric [N-I-N] + halogen-bonded cage made from 1 has been reported. An atomic cation with a charge of +1 has the following electron configuration: (Ar) 4s^2 3d^{10} 4p^1. [113][114], As of 2000, the median intake of iodine from food in the United States was 240 to 300g/day for men and 190 to 210g/day for women. Unfortunately, these processes were quite lengthy. Cation vs Anion: Definition, Chart and the Periodic Table The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. We call ions comprising multiple atoms polyatomic ions. What is the most probable atomic ion formed from bromine? However, if they are not balanced, they will be charged. Flame Test: Cation or Anion? | Physics Van | UIUC Cations vs anions whats the difference? A carbon dioxide molecule only has atoms! 1). When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. In between the electrodes is an electrolyte liquid or gel that contains charged particles ions. Predict which forms an anion, which forms a cation, and the charges of each ion. Species Name charge; D-: Deuterium atom anion-1: D +: Deuterium atom cation: 1: H-: Hydrogen atom anion-1: H +: Hydrogen atom cation: 1: H 2-: hydrogen diatomic anion . The addition of iodine to table salt has largely eliminated this problem in wealthier nations, but iodine deficiency remains a serious public health problem in the developing world today. Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library. Iodide ion, as found in sodium iodide, can also be oxidized by concentrated household bleach to facilitate EAS as well. Mornex, 1987 and Le Guen et al., 2000, cited by. In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus of each atom remains unchanged. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bda7ac8df6@9.110). This application is often in conjunction with advanced X-ray techniques such as angiography and CT scanning. In general, the molecule is formed by a strontium cation Sr+2 and two chloride anion Cl-1 which form an structure octahedral with six anions surrounded a cation. Iodine's atomic weight is only 3.3% less than that of xenon, while its first two ionisation energies average 12% less; together, these make iodine ions a promising substitute. Direct contact with skin can cause damage, and solid iodine crystals should be handled with care. Iodine anion - NIST National Institutes of Health. Fuse School, Open Educational Resource free of charge, under a Creative Commons License: Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC (View License Deed. Write the symbol for each ion and name them. Anions, on the other hand, gain new ones to become larger in size and have a positive charge. Give the symbol and name for the ion with 34 protons and 36 electrons. Silver iodide is a major ingredient to traditional photographic film. Use a periodic table to determine the charges achieved upon ionization of main group elements. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 C (237 F), and boils to a violet gas at 184 C (363 F). Match. However, gaining or losing more than threevalence electrons is energetically-unfavorable and will not occur. Cesium iodide and thallium-doped sodium iodide are used in crystal scintillators for the detection of gamma rays. do not have an increased risk for a contrast medium hypersensitivity. ; Harrison, R.W. Instead, they simply contain atoms intertwined by the sharing of electrons. These charged species are called ions. [74] Alternatively, the brine may be treated with silver nitrate to precipitate out iodine as silver iodide, which is then decomposed by reaction with iron to form metallic silver and a solution of iron(II) iodide. 2023 Technology Networks, all rights reserved. [121] Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability, a result that occurs primarily when babies or small children are rendered hypothyroidic by a lack of the element. "[84], In early 2021, the French group ThrustMe performed an in-orbit demonstration of an electric-powered ion thruster for spacecraft, where iodine was used in lieu of xenon as the source of plasma, in order to generate thrust by accelerating ions with an electrostatic field. Because they have opposite electrical charges, cations and anions are attracted to each other. Createyouraccount. ORDER OF GODDESSES LOVED BY ZEUS Before his marriage to Hera, Zeus consorted with a number of the female Titanes (and his sister Demeter). Iodine - Wikipedia You can read our Cookie Policy here. If the chemical species has more protons than electrons, it carries a net positive charge. In rechargeable batteries, such as many lithium-ion batteries, this chemical process is reversible and the internal structure different which allows the batteries to be recharged. Positive and Negative Ions: Cations and Anions - dummies It has a role as a human metabolite. As they gain electrons, they gain negative charges to become anions. When atoms of nonmetal elements form ions, they generally gain enough electrons to give them the same number of electrons as an atom of the next noble gas in the periodic table. For other uses, see, I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see, Desormes and Clment made their announcement at the Institut imprial de France on 29 November 1813; a summary of their announcement appeared in the. Diatomic iodine can be oxidized with nitric acid to facilitate electrophilic aromatic substitution. ; Brizel, H.E. Ions are atoms or molecules which have gained or lost one or more valence electrons, giving the ion a net positive or negative charge. Based on the octet rule, magnesium most likely forms what ion? Although iodine has widespread roles in many species, agents containing it can exert a differential effect upon different species in an agricultural system. On the other hand, molecules held together by covalent bonds do not have ions. Solutions with high elemental iodine concentration, such as tincture of iodine and Lugol's solution, are capable of causing tissue damage if used in prolonged cleaning or antisepsis; similarly, liquid Povidone-iodine (Betadine) trapped against the skin resulted in chemical burns in some reported cases. The symbol for the ion is N3, and it is called a nitride ion. [83] According to the European Space Agency, "This small but potentially disruptive innovation could help to clear the skies of space junk, by enabling tiny satellites to self-destruct cheaply and easily at the end of their missions, by steering themselves into the atmosphere where they would burn up. Aluminum and carbon react to form an ionic compound. Iodine probably attacks surface proteins of enveloped viruses, and it may also destabilise membrane fatty acids by reacting with unsaturated carbon bonds.