He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. They are often based on primary sources. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. Hanover Historical Texts Collection - History Department [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. Categories . porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. Social War | Roman history | Britannica Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . Examples include journal articles, reviews . [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Encyclopedia.com [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. Find these with these special Subject terms. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. Published by at 29, 2022. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). Primary Sources on Copyright - Record Viewer [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). He was also notorious for his personal relationships . Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Primary Source 10. PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. sulla primary sources Copyright statement. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. When Gods Collide - Sulla and Marius - The 5 Most Titanic Military However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . By. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Internet History Sourcebooks Project - Fordham University [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Making of America - University of Michigan [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom Newspapers. Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. What Is a Primary Source? [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Primary Sources - An Introductory Guide - Seton Hall University With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Historical documents : how to read them. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Church and W. J. Brodribb. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note.