In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Inventions Update now. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo [6] Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Encyclopedia.com. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? ThoughtCo. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis Corrections? It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. XIX Century Civil Wars. [CDATA[ Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Omissions? This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. ", Dai, Yingcong. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Corrections? And so the war was waged. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. [citation needed]. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. White Lotus - Wikiwand Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. At the . It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home However, the date of retrieval is often important. ", Dai, Yingcong. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. ." Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus.