Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. trailer The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. Christopher D. Green Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. Social Researcher. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim /H [ 658 210 ] The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. /Linearized 1.0 0000010779 00000 n Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. 47 0 obj Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. Don't have time for it all now? From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. To achieve consonance, something has to give. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. Introducing Cram Folders! Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study 4. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. How are these 100 people likely to respond? Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. Scott, W. A. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. 0000000974 00000 n In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Yet no one calls the police. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less %PDF-1.5 Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. Classics in the History of Psychology -- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) To which he readily agrees. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. PDF An Introduction to Cognitive Dissonance Theory and an Overview of by meredith_davis9, The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. . moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. These are: 1. PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. in order to reduce dissonance. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. New York: Harper & Row. In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). This has many practical implications. ", 3. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. endobj The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. Oct. 2011. (Goleman, 1991) C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. /Parent 45 0 R In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. %%EOF Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). AP Psychology Unit 9 Flashcards | Quizlet Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. J. abnorm. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. 52 0 obj startxref (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. Cognitive Dissonance Theory After 70 Years | Psychology Today 2. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. New York Times, p.C1. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. endobj Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. endstream endobj startxref As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. 0 One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. /Text Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. That is it. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. He must be a genius." When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. A Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory By Leon Festinger This has many practical implications. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. /Type/Page Dr. Nekita Fuller Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted /N 8 From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. /E 95019 Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it.